Citrinin H1 is produced out of two citrinin molecules and its toxicity is increased compared to the original toxicity of citrinin. Citrinin H2, a formylated derivative of phenol A, is less toxic than citrinin. Phenol A seems to be produced mainly under acidic conditions. Dicitrinin A is a dimer of citrinin molecules … See more Citrinin is a mycotoxin which is often found in food. It is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi that contaminates long-stored food and it causes different toxic effects, like nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and cytotoxic effects. … See more Citrinin was one of the many mycotoxins discovered by H. Raistrick and A.C. Hetherington in the 1930s. In 1941 H. Raistrick and G. Smith identified citrinin to have a broad antibacterial activity. After this discovery the interest in citrinin rose. However, in 1946 … See more The existing information on occurrence of citrinin in food suggests that relatively high citrinin concentrations can be found in stored grains and … See more Citrinin is biosynthesized by fungi species of Penicillium, Monascus and Aspergillus. For the production of citrinin, a minimal set of genes is needed. These genes are conserved in most … See more Citrinin is a polyketide mycotoxin, which is a secondary metabolite of some fungi species. Its IUPAC name is (3R,4S)-4,6-dihydro-8-hydroxy-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-3H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid and the molecular formula is C13H14O5. Citrinin has a … See more There are different types of toxicity. The types of toxicity that have been studied for citrinin are acute toxicity, nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity See more Various in vitro studies have revealed the involvement of citrinin toxicity in reduced cytokine production, inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis, induction of oxidative stress, inhibition of nitride oxide gene expression, increase in ROS production and activation of … See more WebJan 23, 2024 · Chemical structures of citrinin and its decomposition products citrinin H1 and citrinin H2. CIT is synthesized via the polyketide pathway [20]. It is generally known that three .
Citrinin Mycotoxin Contamination in Food and Feed: Impact on ...
WebIn this work we are reporting the isolation by classical methods of chromatography of six polyketides from Penicillium herquei.The compounds citreorosein ( 1) , emodin ( 2) , janthinone ( 3) , citrinin ( 4) , citrinin H1 ( 5) and dicitrinol ( 6) were identified by spectral methods of 1D and 2D NMR and MS. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 were tested against … WebAnti-inflammatory Citrinin H1 Introduction Marine-derived fungi are known as a rich source of various bioactive metabolites with high range of chemical diver-sity. In the course of … north korea soldiers
Citrinin Monomer and Dimer Derivatives with …
WebFeb 19, 2024 · The citrinin toxicity depends on its concentration and probably also on pH of the medium that affects the activity and bioavailability [12, 13]. Citrinin is rather heat-stable and decomposes at a temperature above 175 °C. In presence of water, it is degraded to citrinin H1, a conjugate of two molecules, that also exhibits high toxicity . WebThe toxic compound was isolated from heated citrinin and its structure was determined. Its toxicity, evaluated by cytotoxicity assay, was 10-fold higher on a weight basis than that of citrinin. This new compound was named citrinin H1, which was also formed by heating citrinin at 100 °C for 30 min. Web17 1-epi-citrinin H1 18 (3S,4S)-sclerotinin A Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio campbellii 15-17 µg/ml 19 (3S) -hydroxy 4 epi isosclerone 20 Suberea sp. in Wakatobi National Park Mycobacterium Penicitrinone A M. smegmatis 32 µg/ml [24] 21 Penicitrinols J Bacillus sublitis, Bacillus megaterium, smegmatis 16, 16, and 32 µg/ml north korea soldiers marching